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Palaiologan 1261 - 1453 192 |
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1002 18 16 Emperor Basil 2 campaigns annually against Bulgarians, with object of annihilating Bulgar state. |
1011 - 2 1  Main Hosios Loukas Monastery Oldest domed octagon church |
1014  Battle of Kleidion   Byzantine armies of Basil 2 are victorious over Samuil of Bulgaria in . |
| 1018 Battle of C? Byzantine armies of Basil Boioannes are victorious at against Lombards under Melus of Bari. |
| 1025 Death of Basil 2 & Decline of Byzantine Empire begins. |
| 1021 - 42 21 mi Byzantine-Georgian wars
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1043 Naval Confrontation Byzantine Empire vs Kievan Rus
1043 Treaty: Vsevolod 1 of Kiev
= ^ Constantine 9 Monomachos |
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| 1043 mi Byzantine General George Maniaces, who served in Sicily in 1038, proclaimed emperor & led an unsuccessful rebellion against Constantine 9 Monomachos & was killed in battle in Macedonia during his march towards Constantinople. |
| 1000 - 59 59 Michael 1 Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople who was involved in EastWest Schism |
| 1126 - 1200 74 John Doukas, Caesar, younger brother & counsellor to Constantine 10 of Byzantium |
1071  Battle of Manzikert Defeat of Byzantine Empireby Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending three centuries of a Byzantine military & economic Golden Age.
Anatolia opened to Muslim settlement |
1073  Capture of Ankara Seljuk Turks VS Byzantines. |
1074  Capture of Jerusalem Seljuk Turks from Byzantines, & cut pilgrim transit. |
1078  Revolt of Nikephoros 3 against Byzantine ruler Michael 7 |
1081 - 1180 99  Restoration of Byzantine Empire |
| ? 1082 mi John Italus Philosopher in Constantinople. |
1017 - 96 79  Michael Psellos Writer, philosopher, official & historian |
1097  Siege of Nicaea Iznik, Turkey. during First Crusade |
1098  Crusaders capture Edessa |
1098  Siege of Antioch during First Crusade |
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Byzantine Empire
330 - 1453 1123
1040s - 1101 60s  John Skylitzes historian |
1108  Treaty of Devol Bohemond 1 of Antioch has to submit to Byzantine Empire, becoming vassal of Alexius I. |
| 1116 Byzantine army defeats Turks at Philomelion |
| 1097 - 1176 79 Byzantine armies recapture coasts of Asia Minor from Turks, & push east towards central Anatolia; Crusader Principality of Antioch becomes Byzantine protectorate |
| 1100s mi Icon Theotokos of Vladimir Constantinople. Everything but faces will later be retouched, & icon will end up in Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli composes his epic poem Knight in Panther's Skin. Shahab alDin Suhrawardi founds his "school of illumination". |
| 1144 Edessa Conquered to Atabeg Zengi. |
1145 - 8 3  2nd Crusade is launched in response to fall of County of Edessa. |
| 1161 Kilij Arslan 2, Sultan of Rum, makes peace with Byzantine Empire, recognizing emperor's primacy. |
1167  Battle of Sirmium Byzantine armies win decisive victory over Hungarians at; Hungary becomes Byzantine client state. |
1176  Battle of Myriokephalon Manuel 1 Komnenos attempts to capture Konya. End of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau. |
| 1180 Death of Manuel 1 Komnenos. Decline of Byzantine Empire recommences. |
1182  People's Revolt in Constantinople against Latins, whom they massacre, proclaiming Andronicus I Comnenus coemperor. |
| 1183 Alexius 2 Comnenus Strangled by Andronicus 1 Comnenus has his nephew |
1185  Norman massacre of Greeks of Thessalonika |
1091  Battle of Levounion Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos & his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at |
1153 - 98 45  Nerses of Lambron, Saint, Archbishop of Tarsus, Turkey. theologian |
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1321 - 41 20 Andronikos 3 Palaiologos X44
1326 mi Capture of Bursa
Ottomans take from Byzantines |
1341 - 47 6  John 5 Palaiologos X59 1391
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1341 - 54 13  John 6 Kantakozenos X91 1383 |
| 1347 mi Black death reaches Constantinople & Egypt; reaches Europe following year |
1353 - 57 4 Matthew Kantakozenos
X66 1391 |
1347 - 76 29 John 5 Palaiologos
X59 1391 |
| 1379 - 90 12 John 5 Palaiologos X59 |
| Ottoman Turks are asked for help by John Cantacuzene against a rival for Byzantine throne. John would become John 6 & gives his 16 old daughter Theodora to Orkhan 1 as a wife. 1st time Muslim Turks crossed Dardanelles into Europe. |
1376 - 90 14 John 7 Palaiologos
X38 1408 |
| 1380 Byzantines lost last land in Asia Minor to Turks |
1391 - 8 7  1st Siege of Constantinople Ottoman |
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 @ Nicaea, Iconium
Persian (official), Turkish (popular)
| 1060 - 4 4 Kutalmish Contended with Alp Arslan for succession to Great Seljuq throne. |
| 1075 - 7 2 Suleiman ibn Qutulmish de facto rules Turkmen around İznik & İzmit; 1077 - 86 9 recognised Rum Sultan by Malik 1 Founder of Anatolian Seljuq Sultanate with capital in İznik |
| 1092 - 1107 15 Kilij Arslan 1 First sultan in Konya |
| 1096 mi Battle of Civetot |
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| 10 - 1100s 100 Yilanli Kale Castle Turkey |
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Nicaea, Iconium
Persian (official), Turkish (popular)
1092 - 1107 15 Kilij Arslan 1
1st sultan in Konya |
| 1101 mi Battle of Mersivan |
| 1101 Battle of Hereclea |
| 1047 Battle of Dorylaeum |
1156 - 92 36 'Izz alDin Kilij Arslan 2
| 1176 Battle of Myriokephalon |
1192 - 6 4 Giyath alDin Kaykhusraw 1 1stX
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| 1196 - 1204 8 Rukn alDin Suleiman 2 |
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1144  Capture of Edessa by Zangi Turkey from Crusaders |
- 1157 Sultan Sanjar
Breakup of remaining Seljuq Sultanate |
| 1194 death of Tüghril III, last Persian Seljuq ruler, resulting in end of Seljuq power in Iran & rise of Turkic Khwarezmians in Transoxiana. |
1100s Lampron Castle Turkey
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| 1100s House of Virgin Mary |
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Nicaea, Iconium
Persian (official), Turkish (popular)
1196 - 1204 8 Rukn alDin Suleiman 2
| 1202 Battle of Basian |
1204 - 5 1 Kilij Arslan 3
1205 - 11 6 Giyath alDin Kaykhusraw 1 2ndX
1211 - 20 9 'Izz alDin Kayka'us 11220 - 37 17 'Ala alDin Kayqubad 1
1237 - 46 9 Giyath alDin Kaykhusraw 2
1246 - 60 14 'Izz alDin Kayka'us 2
| 1260 - 5 5 Sultinate Split until Kilij Arslan 4 sole ruler |
1248 - 65 17 Rukn alDin Kilij Arslan 4
1249 - 57 8 'Ala alDin Kayqubad 2
1265 84 19 Giyath alDin Kaykhusraw 3
1284 - 96 12 Giyath alDin Masud 2 1stX
1298 - 1302 4 'Ala alDin Kayqubad 3
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| 1205 Battle of Adrianople |
| 1211 Battle of Rhyndacus River |
| 1224 Battle of Poimanenon |
| 1230 Battle of Yassicemen |
| 1207 - 73 66 Jalal alDin Rumi (Mevlana) Poet, Jurist, Theologian, Sufi Mystic B Afghanistan, D Turkey |
| 1204 Capture of Constantinople |
1220 - 60 40 Mongols invade Islamic lands
| 1243 Battle of Kösedagh Mongols defeat Seljuqs |
| 1254 Battle of Adrianople |
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1260 Siege of Constantinople  |
| 1299 - 1300 1 Seljuq Sultanate Breaks Up into smaller principalities, to be succeeded by Ottoman Turk Emirate, founded by Osman 1 (ruled 1290 1326). |
| 1200s Corycus Fortress |
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| First Ottoman campaign in Europe |
| 1375 Selcuk Castle Turkey |
| 1394 Anadoluhisarı Castle |
| 1302 Battle of Bapheus |
| 1303 Battle of Dimbos |
| 1329 Battle of Pelekanon |
| 1330 Battle of Posada |
| 1365 Battle of Adrianople |
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| 1451 1 Rumelihisarı Castle |
1458 Eyüp Sultan Mosque Turkey
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Hasankeyf branch
This branch was initially based at Hasankeyf (Ḥiṣn Kaifā). The capital moved to Diyarbakır (Amid) in 1183.
Sökmen, son of Artuk, 1102–1104
Ibrahim of Ḥiṣn Kaifā, son of Sökmen, 1104–1109
Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd (Dāʾūd), son of Sökmen, 1109–1144
1144 - 74 Kara Arslan son of Dāʾūd
Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, son of Kara Arslan, 1174–1185[5]
Sökmen II, son of Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, 1185–1201
 Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd, son of Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, 1201–1222
Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, son of Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd, 1222–1232/33.
Following the rule of Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, the territories of the Hasankeyf branch of the Artuqids were taken over by the Ayyubids.
Harput branch[edit]
The Harput branch was initially part of the Hasankeyf branch until 1185, gaining independence from Kara Arslan.
Imad ud-din Abu Bakr, son of Kara Arslan, 1185–1204
Ibrahim ibn Abu Bakr, son of Abu Bakr, 1203–1223
Ahmad Khidr, son of Ibrahim, 1223–1234
Artuq Shah, son of Ahmad Khidr, 1234.[6]
Harput was conquered by Kayqubad I, Seljuk sultan of Rûm, in 1234, as part of his conquering of Anatolia.
Mardin branch[edit]
The Mardin branch of the Artuqids ruled in Mardin and Mayyafariqin from 1101–1409 and were primarily descendants of Ilghazi and his brother Alp-Yaruq.
Yāqūti, son of Alp-Yaruq (son of Artuk), 1101–1104
'Ali ibn Yāqūti, son of Yāqūti, 1104
Sökmen, son of Artuk, 1104–1115
Ilghazi, son of Artuk, 1115–1122
Timurtash, son of Ilghazi, 1122–1154
Alpï I, son of Timurtash, 1154–1176
Ilghazi II, son of Alpï I, 1176–1184
Yülük Arslan, son of Ilghazi II, 1184–1203
Artuk Arslan, son of Yülük Arslan, 1203–1239
Al-Sa'id Najm al-Din Ghazi I, son of Yülük Arslan, 1239–1260
Al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, son of Ghazi I, 1260–1292
Al-Sa'id Shams al-Din Dāwūd I, son of al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, 1292–1294
Al-Mansur Najm al-Din Ghazi II, son of al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, 1294–1312
'Ali Alpï II, son of Ghazi II, 1312
As-Salih Shams al-Din Mahmūd (Mahmūd), son of Ghazi II, 1312–1364
Al-Mansur Husam al-Din Ahmad, son of Mahmūd, 1364–1367
As-Salih Shams al-Din Mahmūd (second rule), 1367
Al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Dāwūd II, son of Mahmūd, 1367–1376
Al-Zahir Majd al-Din 'Isā, son of Dāwūd II, 1376–1407
Al-Salih Şhihab al-Din Ahmad, son of Al-Zahir Majd al-Din 'Isā, 1407–1409.
Mardin was conquered the Kara Koyunlu, a Turkmen tribe, in 1409.
Aleppo subbranch[edit]
The Artuqid branch that ruled Aleppo was an offshoot of the Mardin branch and included descendants of Ilghazi and his brothers Abd al-Jabar and Bahram ibn Artuk. See also Rulers of Aleppo.
Ilghazi, son of Artuk, 1117–1121
Badr ad-Dawlah Süleiman, son of Abd al-Jabar (son of Artuk), 1121–1123
Belek Ghazi, son of Bahram ibn Artuk (son of Artuk), 1123–1124
Timurtash, son of Ilghazi, 1124–1125[7]
[Seljuks under al-Bursuqi and various others, 1125–1127]
Badr ad-Dawlah Süleiman (second rule), 1127–1128.
Aleppo was taken by Zengi in 1128 and ruled by the Zengid dynasty until 1183.
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Thrace, Turkey. Constantinople See also Latinokratia. Empire of Nicaea Bithynia Nicaea 57 Successor state of Byzantine Empire. |
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| 1029 Svetitskhoveli Cathedral Renewed |
1029 - 39 10  Annexed by Georgia |
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| 11 - 1300s 200 Tsalenjikha Cathedral |
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Georgia
1st Imereti
1258 - 1463 205 |
2nd Imereti
1463 - 1810 347 |
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Bagvashi
| 1059 - 74 15 John (Ioane) |
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1014 - 1027 13 Giorgi 1
=Mariam of Vaspurakan |
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Bagrationi
978 - 1238 460 |
| ? Giorgi MtcignobartuxucesTchkondideli Political, Ecclesiastical figure |
| 1099 Discontinued Tribute after building considerable strength, David 4 of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to Seljuk Turks. |
| 1101 - 3 2 Incorporation of Kakheti, Hereti & Georgia David Builder |
| 1103 - 4 1 Church Council convened by King David Builder in Urbnisi to reorganize Georgian Orthodox Church. |
| 1106 Gelati Monestary Completed Kutaisi |
| 1100s Opizars, Beshqen & Beqa Goldsmiths |
| 1121 Battle of Didgori , greatest military victory of Georgia, King David Builder with 40,000 Georgians, 15,000 Kipchak auxiliaries, 500 Alan mercenaries & 300 French Crusaders defeats a Seljukled Muslim coalition army of 400,000. |
| 1115 Occupation of Rustavi Georgian army in war to free Georgia from Muslims. |
| 1122 Capture of Tbilisi After a fourhundredyear supremacy of Arabs, King David Builder captures Tbilisi & declares it capital city of Georgia. |
| 1161 Siege of Ani, Georgian troops take over control of city, only to have it sold for second time to Shaddadids, a Kurdish dynasty. |
| 1184 - 1213 29 Tamar of Georgia =David Soslani ? 1207 sole ruler after reigning with her father, George 3, for six years. |
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| 1184 - 1213 29 Chakhrukhadze Poet |
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| 1065 1st Seljuk Invasion to Georgia under leadership of alp Arslan |
| 1068 Seljuks destroyed Georgia for 2nd time |
| 1109 Otrok, khan of Kipchaks Georgia fled to Georgia. |
| 1195 Struggle of Shamqori Georgian forces annihilate army of Abu Baqar. |
| 1009 - 65 56 Giorgi Mtatsmindeli Elesiastic |
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| 1104 Battle of Ertcukhi King David Builder defeats an army of Seljuks. |
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989 - 1017 28
Gagik 1
1020 - 40 20 Hovhannes-Smbat 3
1042 - 5 3 Gagik 2
Claimant Gagik-Abas 2 |
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| 1060 Mugni Gospels of Armenia written in illuminated manuscript form. |
| 1003 St. Grigor's Church of Kecharis Monastery in Armenia is built in . |
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| 1100s Amberd Fortress |
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1187 - 1219 42 Leo 1 Prince, then King 1st King
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1226 - 1341 195 |
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| 1200s Ertij Fort |
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| 1374 - 96 22 Leo 5 King, then claimant |
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| 1232 Mardakankrugbashnya Castle Azerbaijan |
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| 1400s Sheki krepost az Castle |
| 1412 Battle of Chalagan |
| 1467 Uzun Hasan defeats Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh. Azerbaijan. |
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1000s - 1300s Buffavento Castle Occupation Cyprus
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| 1000s - 1400s Saint Hilarion Castle Occupied |
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| 1192 Famagusa Castle Cyprus |
| 1185 Cyprus became an independent Empire under Isaak Comnenus. |
| 1192 Isaak Comnenus ended his reign.Richard I of England captured Cyprus on his way to Acre.island was sold toTemplar Order, who in turn sold it to Guy of Lusignan.Guy of Lusignan & his descendants began to rule Cyprus as an independent kingdom. |
| 1193 Altheides of Cyprus,traveling philosopher, was born. |
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| 1382 - 98 16 Larnaca Castle Cyprus |
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| 1426 Battle of Khirokitia |
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| 1489 descendants of Guy of Lusignan ended their rule of Cyprus. Cyprus became an overseas colony ofVenetian Republic after having been purchased fromlast member ofLusignan dynasty. |
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Jerusalem, Antioch. "Latin Kingdom".
| 1099 Crusaders Capture Jerusalem and gave Christians control of holy city. |
| 1099 AlAqsa Mosque Made Residence of Kings |
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| 1009 alHakim orders destruction of church of Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem |
| 1030 - 48 18 Church of Holy Sepulcher rebuilt in Jerusalem |
1096 - 9 3 1st Crusade 8 Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban 2 & commanded by King Godfrey.
| 1096 Knights Templar Formed during early First Crusade in order to protect European Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. |
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| 1000s Kolossi Castle Cyprus |
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| 1105 Battle of Ramla |
| 1113 Battle of Al-Sanabra |
| 1119 David Builder of Armenia & Baldwin 2 of Jerusalem meet |
| 1119 - 1314 195 Knights Templar in Jerusalem |
1120  Council of Nablus 1st laws |
1125  Battle of Azaz , Crusader States, led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, defeat Seljuk Turks. |
1162 - 74 12 Amalric 1 < =Agnes of Courtenay 3C & Maria Komnene 2C X38
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| 1174 - 85 11 Baldwin 4 Leprous ^ =0 X24 |
| 1177 Battle of Montgisard |
1187  Battle of Hattin Saladin retakes Jerusalem defeating Franks at battle of Hattin in second crusade.
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| ? - 1195 mi Berthold Saint, found of Carmelite Order in Israel. |
1191  Battle of Arsuf King Richard 1 Lionheart of England VS Saladin |
1192  Battle of Jaffa King Richard 1 Lionheart of England VS Saladin
| 1192 Treaty of Ramla Saladin & Richard Lionheart. Jerusalem under Muslim control. open to Christian pilgrimages. Latin Kingdom is reduced to a geopolitical coastal strip that extended from Tyre to Jaffa. |
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| 1198 nt Teutonic Knights Order of Knights of Hospital of St. Mary of Teutons Brethren of Crusader hospital in Acre raised to military order of knights |
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| 1100s Carsal del Plains Castle |
| 1100s Le-Destroit Castle Israel |
| 1100s Arsuf Fortress Israel |
| 1100s Ateret Castle Israel |
| 1100s Maresha Castle Israel |
| 1100s BeytShean Castle Israel |
| 1100s MigdalAfek Castle Israel |
| 1100s mi Carfalet Castle Israel |
| 1100s mi Monfort Castle Israel |
| 1100s mi Yehiam Castle Israel |
| 1160 mi Miiliya Castle Israel |
| 1187 mi Latrun Castle Israel |
| 1100s mi St. James Cathedral Jerusalem |
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| 1205 - 12 7 Maria ^Conrad 1 & Isabella =John of Brienne 1D X20 |
| 1149 - 1214 65 mi Albert of Jerusalem Saint, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem |
| 1228 - 9 1 6th Crusade excommunicated Frederick 2 Hohenstaufen returns Jerusalem to Crusader States & took Jerusalem into truce for 10 yrs. |
| 1244 Jerusalem Captured 0 |
| 1260 Battle of 'Ayn Jalut Galilee Mamlukes VS Mongols |
| 1284 - 5 1 John 2 ^ =0 1268 85 17 |
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| 1200 Sidna Ali Mosque Israel |
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| 1344 Great Gaza Mosque Israel |
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| 1450s Caesaria Castle Israel |
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| 1109 Bertrand of Toulouse captures County of Tripoli, Lebanon. |
1100s  Beaufort Castle Lebanon |
1100s  Byblos Castle Lebanon |
| 1103 mi Raymond de SaintGilles Castle Lebanon |
| 1103 mi Tzipori Castle Lebanon |
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| 1115 mi Montreal Crusader Castle Jordan |
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1260  Battle of Ain Jalut Mongols defeated 1st time in Palestine by Muslims |
| 1237 nt Qasr Azraq Castle |
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| 1000s mi Mahalibeh Castle |
1031  Krak des Chevaliers Castle |
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| 1105 mi Battle of Artah |
| 1111 mi Battle of Shaizar |
1119  Battle of Ager Sanguinis |
| 1126 mi Battle of Marj al-Saffar |
| 1154 Nur alDin ibn Zangi captures Damascus |
| 1164 mi Battle of Harim |
 Damascus Hama Islamic Empire |
1138  Aleppo earthquake devastates much of northern Syria |
 Barlaam & Josaphat Buddha's life, translated into Greek by St John of Damascus & widely circulated to Christians Buddha (Josaphat) made Catholic saint |
| 1100s mi Our lady Cathedral Syria |
1110s  Saladin Castle Syria |
| 1100s nt Bani Qahtan Castle |
| 1140s - 70 30 Crac des chevaliers Castle Syria |
| 1153 mi Baghras Castle Syria |
| 11 - 1200s mi Qal'at Najm Castle |
| 1168 mi Qal'at Ja'bar Castle |
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| 1400 Timur defeats Mamlukes in Syria. |
636 - 51 15 Muslims conquer Syria, Persia & Egypt |
| 1200s nt Fakhr-al-Din al-Maani Castle |
| 1271 nt Chastel Blanc Castle |
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| 1303 Mongols defeated near Damascus, ending Mongol threat to Europe & Middle East |
| 1303 Mamlukes stop last Mongol invasion of Syria. |
| 1291 Christians driven out of Syria |
1350s  Bottle from Syria Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian, D.C. |
| 1263 - 1328 65 Ibn Taymiyyah, famous Hanbali, Syrian Salafi Scholar of Islam |
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| 1401 Baghdad & Damascus Conquered by Timur. |
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1000s  1st Hospitals Bimaristans every city in Islamic world had , thein modern sense, after they began receiving funds from Waqf instititions, first charitable trusts |
| 1000 mi Abu Sahl alQuhi Kuhi Bagdham Math, Physics, Astronomy |
| 1000 Ammar ibn Ali alMawsili of Mosul |
1011 - 21 10  Optics Alhacen under house arrest in Egypt
| 1011 - 21 10 mi Alhacen Ibn alHaytham of Basra |
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1014 - 20 6  Healing Philosophical & scientific encyclopaedia by  Avicenna (Abū 'Alī alHusayn ibn Sīnā) 980 - 1037 57 |
1025  Canon of Medicine Medical encyclopedia, most influential medical text in both Islamic & Christian lands for over six centuriesby Avicenna, Persian Muslim scholar. |
| 953 - 1029 76 mi AlKaraji Karkh Persian Mathematician & Engineer |
| 1000 - 37 37 Avicenna Hayy ibn Yaqdhan |
| 960 - 1036 76 mi Abu Nasr Mansur Math |
| 965 - 1040 75 mi Abu 'Ali alHasan ibn alHaytham Alhacen Scientist, Physics, Optics, Astronomer, Engineer, Inventor, Math, Physics, Ophthalmologist, Philosophy, Psychology, Theology |
| 1010 - 75 65 mi Alī ibn Ahmad alNasawī math. Studied Archimedes |
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1086  Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in after it was destroyed by fire. |
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1220 - 60 40  Mongols invade Islamic lands
1258  Sack of Baghdad Hulegu Mongol chief |
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Bagdhad
1184 - 1283 99  Saadi Poet Bagdhad |
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1291  Fall of Acre last Crusader stronghold in Levant, to Mamluks |
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1395  Timur sacks Baghdad |
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| 1401 Timur destroys Baghdad |
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| 1055 mi Conquered by Seljuqs under Tüghral Beg, capture Baghdad, Abbasid capital, from Buwayhids, establish Seljuq Sultanate, & become official protectors of Caliphate. |
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Consantine 9
Battle of Alnwick 
Bohemond 1
John 2 Komnenos
Alexios 2 Komnenos
Battle of Demetritzes 
Theodore 2
Andronikos 2 
Battle of Halmyros 
Battle of Dorylaeum 
Battle of Yenisehir
Nicaea Captured
Byzantine Ottoman vassal
Battle of Kosovo
Battle of Nicopolis
Battle of Ankara
Battle of Varna
2nd Battle of Kosovo
Capture of Trabzon 
Ottoman-Venetian war
Battle of Otlukbeli 
Fall of Constantinople
Bagrati Cathedral
Battle of Svindax 
Battle of Didgori 
Battle of Ascalon 
Battle of Ramla 
Melisende
Fulk
Battle of Cresson
Siege of Jerusalem 
3rd Crusade
Lion in Winter 1968 
Lion in Winter 2003 TV 
Becket 1964 
Kingdom of Heaven 2004 
Lion Heart 1987 
King Richard & Crusaders 1954 
Siege of Acre 
Toron Castle
Kerak Castle
Bourzey Castle
Battle of Sasireti 
Margat Castle
Battle of Manzikert 
Battle of Harran 
Battle of Sarmin 
Battle of Inab 
Blanc Castle
2nd Battle of Homs 
AzZahir